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    Studi Vegetasi Hutan Sinabung Pasca Letusan Tahun 2011

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    Date
    2012
    Author
    Widhiastuti, Retno
    Berliani, Kaniwa
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    Abstract
    Sinabung is the highest mountain in North Sumatera with a latitute of 2451 m above sea level. Biodiversity in the forest of Sinabung Mountain is very high but after eruption in 2010 the biodiversity diclining and disturb ecological function. The purpose of this research is to analyse the seedling vegetation and soil seed bank at three highest locations (1450 - 1750 mdpl, I 750-2050 mdpl, and 2050 mdpl- top on mountain), and to inventory the protected vegetation based on Republic Indonesia Government Regulation Number 7 Year 1999 about Preservation of Plants and Animals. The research location was set by Purposive Sampling methode. The vegetation diversity was analysed taxonomically and ecologycally. Ecology analyses included: density of species, species frequency, index of important value, index of diversity of Shan on-Wiener, index of uniformity and index of similarity. Seed bank research was using the factorial randomized block design, by using: 3 research locations, 3 levels of soil depth (0-5 em, 5-l 0 em and 10-15 em), and repeated 4 times. The analysis was using the variance print and if there were very real differences, it will be continued by least significant difference test. The research result showed that the ground vegetation which was found about 224 species from 77 families which include in two division, they are Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta. The most species from Rubiaceae family (18 species), Araceae (14 speices), and Ericaceae (13 species). The research location where had lots of impact of Sinabung Mountain eruption was at upper mountain zone. At that zone the ground vegetation species which were mostly found from the Ericaceae family about 13 species. The species which had highest role at the ground mountain zone Strobilanthes maingayii from Achantaceae family, upper mountain zoning Melastoma malabathricum from Melatomaceae family, and subalpine mountain forest zoning Rhododendron javanicum from Ericaceae family. The research result soil seed bank showed that there were 9 I 0 germinated seeds consist of 3 tree species and 9 ground plant species, and included in 15 species, I 0 families. The most germinated seeds for Macaranga tanarius tree species from Euphorbiaceae family, and Asystasia intrusa from Achantaceae family for ground plants species. The Statistic analysis result showed that there was no real differences of seeds germination between the height and the depth of soil. For the protected species according to Republic Indonesia Government Regulation Number 7 Year 1999 about Preservation of Plants and Animals, it was found Nephentes gymnomphora and N. Spectabilis species. The conclusion from this research is that the ground vegetation of Sinabung mountain forest post explotion of 2010, there was not found the change of family amount and species which was found at the research at 2008. The differenceonly the vegetation species which was found post the explotion were more individuals from the sapling species. lt is showed that the explotion of the volcano broke the dormant of tree seeds so that grown become ground plant, and finally by the time run they will be grown tree. To accelerate rehabilitation of Sinabung mountain forest it should be notice the species which is grow on potential seed reserves in the soil, and by found the protected speicies it need to conserve the vegetation species.
     
    Gunung Sinabung merupakan gunung tertinggi di Sumatera Utara dengan ketinggian 2.451 m di atas permukaan laut. Keanekaragaman hayati di hutan gunung Sinabung sangat tinggi, namun dengan terjadinya letusan tahun 2010 telah terjadi penurunan keanekaragaman hayati sehingga mengganggu fungsi ekologisnya. Tujuan penelitian ini menganalisis vegetasi seedling, dan soil seed bank pada tiga ketinggian lokasi (1450 -1750 mdpl, 1750- 2050 mdpl, dan 2050 mdpl - puncak), serta menginventarisasi vegetasi yang dilindungi berdasarkan PPRI No. 7 Tahun 1999 tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa. Lokasi penelitian ditetapkan dengan metode Purposive Sampling. Keanekaragaman vegetasi dianalisis secara taksonomi dan ekologi. Analisis ekologi meliputi : kerapatan jenis, frekuensi jenis, indeks nilai penting, indeks keanekaragaman Shanon-Wiener, indeks keseragaman dan indeks similaritas. Penelitin seed bank menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok faktorial, dengan perlakuan : 3 lokasi penelitian, 3 taraf kedalaman tanah (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, dan 10 - 15cm), dan ulangan 4 kali. Analisis menggunakan sidik ragam dan bila terdapat perbedaan yang sangat nyata, dilanjutkan uji beda nyata terkecil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa vegetasi bawah yang ditemukan sebanyak 224 jenis dari 77 famili yang termasuk dalam dua divisi, yakni Pteridophyta dan Spermatophyta. Jenis terbanyak dari famili Rubiaceae (18 jenis) Araceae (14 jenis), dan Ericaceae (13 jenis). Lokasi penelitian yang banyak terkena dampak letusan gunung Sinabung adalah pada zona pegunungan atas. Pada zona tersebut jenis vegetasi bawah yang banyak ditemukan dari famili Ericaceae sebanyak 13 jenis. Jenis yang mempunyai peranan yang paling tinggi pada zona pegunungan bawah Strobilanthes maingayii dari family Achantaceae, zonasi hutan pegunungan atas Melastoma malabathricum dari family Melatomaceae, dan zonasi hutan pegunungan subalpine Rhododendron javanicum dari family Ericaceae. Hasil penelitian soil seed bank menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 910 biji yang berkecambah yang terdiri dari 3 jenis pohon dan 9 jenis tumbuhan bawah, dan termasuk dalam 15 spesies, 10 famili. Biji yang paling banyak berkecambah untuk jenis pohon Macaranga tanarius dari family Euphorbiaceae, dan Asystasia intrusa dari family Achantaceae untuk jenis tumbuhan bawah. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata perkecambahan biji antar ketinggian maupun kedalaman tanah. Untuk jenis yang dilindungi menurut Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 tahun 1999 tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa, ditemukan jenis Nephentes gymnomphora dan N. spectabilis. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa vegetasi bawah hutan gunung Sinabung pasca letusan 2010, tidak menemukan perubahan jumlah famili dan jenis yang ditemukan penelitian tahun 2008. Perbedaannya hanya pada jenis vegetasi yang ditemukan pasca letusan lebih banyak individu-individu dari jenis anakan pohon. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa letusan gunung berapi memecahkan dorman dari biji-bijian pohon sehingga tumbuh menjadi tumbuhan bawah, yang akhirnya dengan berjalannya waktu akan menjadi pohon dewasa. Untuk mempercepat rehabilitasi hutan Sinabung harus memperhatikan jenis-jenis yang tumbuh pada potensi cadangan biji di dalam tanah, dan dengan ditemukannya jenis yang dilindungi perlu melestarian jenis vegetasi tersebut.
     
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    http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/65563
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